Salmon. Refers to spring and summer chinook salmon at the Bonneville Dam, unless otherwise noted. Population data from University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Science, Columbia River DART database, "Adult Passage Annual Summary," www.cbr.washington.edu/dart/adult_annual.html. Historical abundance from US National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, "Final Report of Updated Status of Listed ESUs of Salmon and Steelhead," www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/trt/brtrpt.htm.
Orcas. Refers to "southern resident" population, unless otherwise noted. Population data from Ken Balcomb, senior scientist, The Center for Whale Research, www.whaleresearch.com. Historical abundance derived from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington State Status Report for the Killer Whale, Appendix A, March 2004, page 41, wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/status/orca/final_orca_status.pdf.
Wolves. Refers to gray wolves in Idaho and Montana, unless otherwise noted. Population data from US Fish and Wildlife Service, "Gray Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains," annual reports, at westerngraywolf.fws.gov/index.htm and "Wyoming Gray Wolf Recovery Status Report," September 15, 2008, www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/wyomingStatus08/09152008.html.
Historical abundance estimated based on wolf densities in several locations in North America and using population data from the following sources: International Wolf Center website, "North American Wolf Populations," www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/intermed/inter_population/northamer_pop.asp; Jennifer A. Leonard, Carles Vila, and Robert K. Wayne, "Legacy lost: genetic variability and population size of extirpated US Grey Wolves (Canis lupus)," Molecular Ecology, 2004 (uncorrected proof); numerous publications from Alaska Department of Fish and Game, available at www.wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wolf.main; and US Fish and Wildlife Service, "Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 Annual Report," westerngraywolf.fws.gov/index.htm. For details contact Sightline. Gray wolf range map refers to all subspecies of gray wolves; developed by CommEn Space, Seattle, based on data from multiple sources including A.S. Laliberte and W.J. Ripple, "Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates," BioScience, 54(2):123-138, 2003 and CommEn Space. For details contact Sightline.
Caribou. Refers to woodland caribou in the Selkirk Mountains (sometimes called mountain caribou), unless otherwise noted. Population data and historical abundance from multiple sources including Idaho Panhandle National Forests, "Situation Summary and Management Strategy for Mountain Caribou and Winter Recreation on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests," March 12, 2004, www.fs.fed.us/ipnf/eco/projects/caribou/; annual woodland caribous census numbers collected and authored by Wayne Wakkinen, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Leo DeGroot, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, and Ross Clarke, US Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program; and communications with Wayne Wakkinen. Caribou range map refers to all types of caribou; developed by CommEn Space, Seattle, based on data from A.S. Laliberte and W.J. Ripple, "Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates," BioScience, 54(2):123-138, 2003.
Sage-grouse. Refers to greater sage-grouse in Oregon, unless otherwise noted. Population data from communications with Christian Hagen, sage-grouse conservation coordinator, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Historical abundance from Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, "Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Assessment and Strategy for Oregon," Draft, December 30, 2004, www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/pdf/sage-grouse.pdf. Sage-grouse range map refers to all species of sage-grouse; developed by CommEn Space, Seattle, based on data from US Geological Survey, SAGEMAP, sagemap.wr.usgs.gov .
(Sources updated January 2009.)